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AWWA C228:2019 pdf download.Stainless-Steel Pipe Flange Joints for Water Service—Sizes 2 In. Through 72 In. (50 mm Through 1,800 mm)
4.1.2 Permeation. The selection of materials is critical for water service and distribution piping in locations where there is likelihood the pipe will be exposed to significant concentrations of pollutants composed of low molecular weight petroleum products or organic solvents or their vapors. Documented research has shown that pipe materials (such as polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride) and elastomers, such as those used in jointing gaskets and packing glands, are subject to permeation by low molecular weight organic solvents or petroleum products. If a water pipe must pass through such a contaminated area or an area subject to contamination, consult with the manufacturer regarding permeation of pipe walls, jointing materials, and so on before selecting materials for use in that area.
4.1.4 Fasteners. Stainless-steel bolts and threaded rods shall be in accordance with ASTM A193 and with a minimum tensile strength of 75,000 psi (515 MPa); nuts shall be stainless steel in accordance with ASTM A194. Bolts shall have regular, unfinished square or hexagonal heads in accordance with ASME B18.2.1, and nuts shall have regular square or hexagonal dimensions in accordance with ASME B18.2.2. Bolting shall have product marking in accordance with applicable ASTM standards. Minimum bolt lengths shall be the sum of the mating flange maximum thicknesses, the gasket, the depth of the nut and washer(s), plus ¼ in. (6.4 mm) minimum before torquing. If threaded rods (studs) are used, they shall be the same length as the bolts determined previously, plus the depth of a second nut and washer, plus an additional ¼ in. (6.4 mm). Threaded fasteners shall be lubricated or coated to prevent galling. If studs with only one nut are used to mate to a flange with tapped bolt holes the studs shall be the length of the flange thickness, plus the thickness of the gasket, the thickness of the nut, the depth of the tapped hole, plus an additional ¼ in. (6.4 mm).AWWA C228 pdf download.